Many people find it difficult to believe that
Methuselah lived to be 969 years old. Nevertheless, the Bible teaches quite plainly that the early patriarchs often lived to be nearly 1,000 years old and even had children when they were several hundred years old!
(selections from Dr. David Menton & Dr. Georgia Purdom, Did People Like Adam and Noah Really Live Over 900 Years of Age? Answers in Genesis, May 27, 2010)
For 1,500 years after creation, men lived such long lives that most
were either contemporaries of the first man, Adam, or personally knew
someone who was. The ten patriarchs (excluding Enoch) who preceded the
Great Flood lived an average of 912 years. Lamech died the youngest at
the age of 777, and Methuselah lived to be the oldest at 969.
During the 1,000 years
following the Flood, however, the Bible
records a progressive
decline in the life span of the patriarchs, from
Noah who lived to be 950 years old until Abraham at 175 (see figure 1
and table 2). In fact, Moses was unusually old for his time (120 years)
because, when he reflected on the brevity of life, he said: “The days of
our lives are seventy years; and if by reason of strength they are
eighty years, yet their boast is only labor and sorrow; for it is soon
cut off, and we fly away” (
Psalm 90:10).
The precipitous plunge in life spans after the Flood suggests that
something changed at the time of the Flood, or shortly thereafter, that
was responsible for this decline.
Biological Causes of Aging
In the 1900's it was believed that our normal living cells,
if properly nourished, could grow and divide indefinitely outside our
body. In 1961, this idea was refuted by Leonard Hayflick, who grew human
cells outside the body in covered glass dishes containing the necessary
nutrients. Hayflick discovered that cells cultured in this way normally
died after about 50 cell divisions (
Hayflick’s limit). This suggests that
even the individual cells of our body are mortal, apart from any other bodily influence.
Both aging and life span are processes that have genetic determinants
that are overlapping and unique. Approximately 20–30 percent of factors
affecting life span are thought to be heritable and thus genetic.
1 Life span varies greatly among individuals, indicating that while aging plays a role, other factors are also involved.
Although many genetic factors are suggested to affect aging and life
span, these processes largely remain a mystery. Aging can be thought of
as increased susceptibility to internal (i.e., agents that damage DNA)
and external (i.e., disease-causing bacteria) stressors because of a
decrease in the maintenance, repair, and defensive systems of the body.
For example, DNA repair systems are needed to protect the genome (all our DNA) from mutation.
Xeroderma pigmentosum
(XP) is a genetic disorder caused by a deficient (due to mutations) DNA
repair system that normally repairs mutations caused by ultraviolet
light. Individuals with this disease must severely limit their exposure
to sunlight. Outer surfaces of the body such as skin and lips commonly
show signs of premature aging.
2
While this is an extreme example, any mutation that decreases the
efficiency of our maintenance, repair, and defensive systems will likely
lead to more rapid aging and decreased life span.
Telomeres,
long, repetitive sequences of DNA at the ends of human chromosomes, are
also thought to play an important role in aging. With each division of
the cell, telomeres shorten due to the inability of the enzyme that
copies the DNA to go all the way to the end of the chromosome.
3
When telomeres have become too short, the cell stops dividing. This
limitation plausibly serves as a quality control mechanism. Older cells
will have accumulated many mutations in their DNA, and their continued
division may lead to diseases like cancer. Most body cells cannot
replicate indefinitely, leading to aging and eventually death. Thus,
telomeres are important in determining the life span of cell types that
directly affect aging.
Genetic
determinants of life span or longevity are difficult to pinpoint. Even
if the genes are determined to be associated with people who live for
many years, their actual role in increasing life span is unknown.
Genetic studies of centarians (people who have lived more than 100
years) have produced several possible candidate longevity genes. The
gene for apolipoprotein E (APOE), important in the regulation of
cholesterol, has certain alleles that are more common among centarians.
4
This is also true for certain alleles of insulinlike growth factor 1
(IGF1), important in cell proliferation and cell death, and superoxide
dismutases (SOD), important in the breakdown of agents that damage DNA.
4
Possibly the alleles associated with the centarians more closely
reflect the genetic makeup of individuals with a long life span 6,000
years ago. Still, these alleles show the effects of the curse if the
highest achievable age today is around 120 years!
Eternal Life
Long life spans are found in the secular literature of several ancient cultures (including the Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, Indians, and Chinese). But even a life span of nearly 1,000 years is sadly abbreviated when we consider that God initially created us to live
forever.
According to the Bible, God created the first humans—Adam and Eve—without sin and with the ability to live forever. God gave the first human couple everything they needed for their eternal health and happiness in the
Garden of Eden; but He warned them not to eat fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil or they would die, as indeed would all their descendants after them (
Genesis 2:16–17). When Satan’s deception prompted Eve to disobey this command and then Adam willfully disobeyed, their minds and bodies profoundly changed (
Genesis 3). Not only did they become subject to death, but their firstborn child (Cain) became the world’s first murderer.
Truly, the wages of sin is death, physically and spiritually. It is sobering to think that the Bible would have been only a few pages long—from creation to the fall into sin—
were it not for the undeserved love of God who both promised and sent the Messiah to save us from sin and death (
Genesis 3:15;
Isaiah 25:8;
Psalm 49:14–15;
1 John 5:13).
The important point is that science offers no hope for eternal life, or even for the significant lengthening of life. It has been estimated that if complete cures, or preventions, were found for the three major killers (cancer, stroke, and coronary artery disease), the maximum life span of man would still not increase (although more people would approach this maximum). And such long-lived people would still become progressively weaker with age, as critical components of their body continue to deteriorate.
We may conclude that God’s Word, not science, has the complete solution to the problem of aging and death. The solution has been “revealed by the appearing of
our Savior Jesus Christ, who has abolished death and brought life and immortality to light through the gospel” (
2 Timothy 1:10).
(For historical fiction that touches on this topic, see
Chapter 2: Nightmare of
The Coming Wrath)
Discuss this post with us below, or here: 
References (selected)
1. T. Perls and D. Terry, “Genetics of Exceptional Longevity,” Experimental Gerontology 38 (2003): 725–730.
2. DermNet NZ, “Xeroderma pigmentosum,” www.dermnetnz.org/systemic/xeroderma-pigmentosum.html.
3. P. Monaghan and M. Haussmann, “Do Telomere Dynamics Link Lifestyle and Lifespan?” TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 21 (2006): 47–53.
4. K. Christensen et al., “The Quest for Genetic Determinants of Human Longevity: Challenges and Insights,” Nature Reviews Genetics 7 (2006): 436–448.
